Network communication
The lower-case b is commonly used to denote bits, while the uppercase B is used to denote bytes.
K stands for 1024 i.e. 2^10 (2 power 10)
k stands for 1000 i.e. 10^3 (10)
1kb/s 1000 bits per second
1KB/s 1024bytes per second
Download KBPS speed = (kbps value*1000/8)/1024
Components of networks
hardware components
NIC is a piece of hardware, often a circuit board or chip, that is inserted on a computer to enable it to connect to a network.
network medium is a cable that plugs into the NIC and makes the connection between the computer and the rest of the network.
interconnecting device allows multiple devices to connect and communicate within the network
Software componentsNetwork client and servers
network clint software request stored information on another network device e.g., chrome
network server software allows a computer to share its resources. e.g., web server
protocols define the rules and formats a computer.
NIC driver receives data from protocols and forwards this data to physical NIC.
Two Computer communicate on LAN
TCP/IP is the most common protocol used on networks
- logical address (IP address)
- physical address (MAC address
To mail a person think of the logical address as your name and the physical address as your postal address.
CIDR (classless inter domain routing) a single IP address can be used to designate to many unique IP addresses with CIDR.
Broadcast IP address is an IP address with all bits set to 1. "255.255.255.255" is limit.
Two computers communicate on LAN.
A path that begins and ends at the same node is a cycle.
in a directed network, a cycle is either a directed cycle or an undirected cycle depending on the directions of the arcs in the path.
interworks
It refers to the ability of two systems that systems that use different protocols, technologies or architectures to communicate with each other without requiring major modifications to their original design.
PAN (personal area network)
is the computer interconnecting electronic devices within an individual person's workspace.
LANs (local area network)
that is used within less than a half kilometer of an area, for example, small offices, homes, schools, etc.
MANs (metropolitan area network)
a man is a network that spans a large area, such as a town or city.
Internet: a worldwide network
uses protocols such as TCP/IP and http to transfer and view information
Intranet: a private network which devices and servers are only available to those users connected to the internal network.
Extranet: allows limited and controlled access to internal resources by outside users
Public IP address and Private IP address
Public IP addresses identify you to the wider internet so that the information you're searching for can be found.
Private IP addresses are used within a private network to connect securely to other devices within that same network.
private IP addresses are used to communicate within the same network, while public IP addresses are used to communicate outside the network.
Public IP addresses can be seen by other devices on the Internet, while private IP addresses cannot.
public addresses are unique globally, while private IP addresses are only unique on the home network.
IPconfig cmd
This command is the most useful on computer is the most on computer that are configured to obtain an IP address automatically. This enables users to determine which TCP/IP configuration values have been configured by DHCP.
Traceroute
a traceroute is a network diagnostic tool used to track the pathway taken by a packet on an IP network from source to destination.
Packets and frames
A packet is the unit of data used in the network layer, which transfers data between networks. It has network address and logical address.
A frame is the unit of data used in the link layer, which transfers data on a network. It has source and destination MAC address and physical address.
Client an Severs
Client
a client can be device or a machine.
a client device is a machine that the end-user uses to access the web. e.g., mobile, laptop, etc.
Server
A server is like a computer program, which is used to provide functionality to other programs.
It receives and responds to request made over a network. server receives the request from the client for a web document, and it sends the requested information to the client's computer.
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