Namgyel Wangchuk FOC

 LINUX FILE SYSTEM Introduction One essential part of the operating system is the Linux file system. It offers a hierarchical data management and organization system. Root Directory The root directory ("/") as the initial directory. a subdirectory and directory hierarchy. Files and subdirectories are found in directories. Data management maintains metadata, sizes, creation dates, and file names. in charge of ownership, security, and permits. Representation and Organization of Storage Resources Allocates disk space for files and directories. Maintains directory structure. Stores metadata for each file. Pathnames Textual file or directory locations. Absolute (from the root) or relative (from the current directory). Example of Absolute and Relative Path in Directory Navigation: Current Directory: You are currently located in "/home/kt." Objective : You want to change your directory to "/home/kt/abc." Using the Relative Path Concept: Check the current directo...

 LINUX BASIC COMMANDS ls : Displays files and directories in the current directory. Lists files and directories. ls -R : Shows all files, including those in subdirectories. Lists files and subdirectories recursively. ls -al : Provides detailed information about files. Displays comprehensive file details. ls -a : Reveals hidden files. Lists hidden files and directories. cat : Used for viewing, copying, combining, and creating text files.  Allows text file manipulation, including creation and viewing. rm : Deletes files without confirmation. Removes files. mv : Moves files to a different directory or renames files. Relocates or renames files. mkdir : Creates subdirectories in the current directory. Generates new directories. rmdir : Deletes an empty directory. Removes empty directories. grep : Searches text in files based on a given pattern and prints matching lines. Searches and prints text matching a pattern. history : Lists all previously executed commands in the current term...

Linux  Linux is a powerful and open-source operating system known for its flexibility, security, and the active community that supports it. It is widely used in various domains, from servers to personal computers and embedded systems. Operating System : Linux is an open-source operating system kernel, originally created by Linus Torvalds. It serves as the foundation for various Linux distributions or "distros" that include additional software and tools. Open Source : Linux is open-source software, meaning its source code is freely available for anyone to view, modify, and distribute. This openness encourages collaboration and innovation. Variety of Distributions : Linux comes in various distributions (distros) like Ubuntu, CentOS, Debian, and Fedora. Each distro may have unique features and package management systems. Multi-User and Multi-Tasking: Linux is a multi-user and multi-tasking OS. Multiple users can use the system simultaneously, and it can run multiple processes c...

Understanding Containers  Containers in software development are a fundamental concept, serving as a standardized packaging solution for software and its dependencies. These containers are designed to facilitate seamless application deployment across various computing environments, ensuring reliability and efficiency. Characteristics of Containers Comprehensive Packaging : Containers bundle the entire application ecosystem, including code, runtime, tools, libraries, and configurations into a self-sufficient unit, ensuring everything needed for the application to run is contained within. Immutability: Containers are unchanging once created, guaranteeing the consistency of software regardless of deployment environments. Updates are achieved by creating new container images, not altering existing ones. Lightweight : Containers are lightweight and efficient, lacking the overhead of full virtual machines. This feature enables rapid deployment and scalability, making them a popular choi...

Introduction A network protocol is a set of guidelines that enable devices in a network to communicate with each other. It allows devices to communicate, even if the devices inside the network operate differently or look different. Network protocols make it easier for people to communicate with people all over the world. Network protocols are essential for modern digital communication. Network protocols simplify large processes by breaking them down into smaller, individual tasks. This is done at every network level. Each task must work together at every level to complete the larger task. When we say 'protocol suite', we mean a collection of smaller network protocols that work together. Application. The application layer is where end-user software, like web browsers and email, clients, operates. It offers protocols that let software send and get information and show useful data to users. Examples: HTTP (Hypertext Link Protocol) FTP (File Transfer Protocol) DNS (Domain Name Syst...